[Begin document N 1262]


                                                 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 1262
                                                            Date: 1995-09-19

Title:  Consensus Name and ordering proposal for the Futhark
Source: Michael Everson, Everson Gunn Teoranta
        (WG2 member for Ireland)
Status: Expert contribution
Action: For consideration by ISORUNES Project and WG2
Type:   ASCII version

1.0 This proposal. Following extensive discussion with Olle
Ja:rnefors at the WG2 meeting in Helsinki, I offer here the two
compromise proposals we came up with there.

1.1 Repertoire. The unified repertoire includes AESC, IOR, CWEORTH
and STAN.

1.2 Ordering conventions. The inherited futhark ordering has been
preferred. This will aid users of the Standard to locate the
characters in the code table and relate them to their traditional
names. Where some of the later runes did not have a traditional
place in the futhark, they have been placed next to their base
characters. Actual sorting of the characters in other orders (such
as English or Swedish) can be accomplished using the same
techniques which are used to reorder the Latin alphabet (as for
Swedish A*A:O:, for instance). A complete code table is given at
the end of this document.

1.3 Naming conventions. It has been recognized that naming the
Runes is not a trivial matter. The traditional names have great
antiquity and importance and are widely recognized by specialists
and non-specialists alike. Names based on the Latin
transliteration values are the most common way that modern
specialists have of identifying the runes. It is suggested that,
given the differing expectations of users of the Standard, it is
not possible to choose between the two. Two possible naming
conventions are presented below. They are described as compromise
proposals because both of them contain both the traditional names
and the transliterations. In my view only the first one makes
sense and only it will be acceptable to WG2.

1.4 Proposal for revision. Runic traditional names are not
uniform, and are dependent on the time and the place the runes
were used. Contemporary attested names and reconstructed names
exist, have been widely published, and will be familiar to many
users. Their use is unavoidable and necessary, as the user
community is not uniform and it is inappropriate to prefer one
over another. For the reconstructed Germanic and the Old Norse
forms I have relied on Du:wel 1983; for the Old English names I
have used Page 1973.

1.4.1 Traditional Name proposal. RUNIC LETTER is taken as the main
prefix. Following this, the traditional names are given according
to this naming conventions:

1. Five branches are recognized: Germanic, English, Long-branch
Norse, Short-twig Norse, and Medieval.
2. Character names are distinguished between Germanic, English,
and Norse.
3. Where glyphs in the Long-branch, Short-Twig and Medieval
differ, the descriptor is used, otherwise just the Norse name is
used. (Thus we have FEHU, FEOH, and FE, with no distinction made
between LONG-BRANCH FE, SHORT-BRANCH FE, or MEDIEVAL FE, and only
MEDIEVAL DOTTED FE since there was no DOTTED FEHU, etc.)
4. Equivalent "ASCIIzations" have been made for two characters:
O%SS is written OESS, O;SS is written ONSS. This is consistent with
current SC2/WG2 practice for rewriting diacritics in ASCII.

From this it can be seen that where a character is used in more
than one branch, it will have more than one name, each separated
by the word OR. Precedent for this exists already in ISO 10646
(05BC HEBREW POINT DAGESH OR MAPIQ), and OR has been proposed as
well for 44 of the Tibetan character names out for ballot in pDAM
No. 6. This is not an attempt to pack encyclopaedic information
into the character names; it is a recognition that Runic character
names are not uniform and that the use of names in this fashion is
a way of disambiguating the members of the unified Runic set for
its users. It should also be noted that only 19 of the 72
characters proposed require this convention. Of them, the longest
name proposed, xx19 RUNIC LETTER NAUDIZ OR NYD OR LONG-BRANCH
NAUD, is 46 characters long. ISO/IEC 10646-1 already contains 452
characters whose names are between 47 and 83 characters in length,
ranging from 01D7 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS AND ACUTE
to FBF9 ARABIC LIGATURE UIGHUR KIRGHIZ YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE WITH
ALEF MAKSURA ISOLATED FORM.

In order to satisfy the scholarly requirement that the Runes be
related to their Latin transliterations, it is proposed that the
Latin transliteration be given in parentheses directly following
each character name. Because the Naming Guidelines in Annex K do
not specify any restrictions on the character set used for
informative notes, it will be possible in this way to include
non-ASCII equivalents for 13 characters which require them:

(These characters are not available in this 7-bit version.)

@ xx05 xx3F RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ OR THORN OR THURS (t/)
@ xx06 xx0A RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED THURS (d/)
@ xx0C xx2B RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL OESS (o%)
@ xx0D xx2C RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL ONSS (o;)
@ xx21 xx17 RUNIC LETTER IWAZ OR EOH (i:)
@ xx24 xx31 RUNIC LETTER ALGIZ OR EOLHX (R or x)
@ xx33 xx24 RUNIC LETTER INGWAZ (n%)
@ xx34 xx25 RUNIC LETTER ING (n%)
@ xx36 xx26 RUNIC LETTER OTHALAN OR ETHEL (o& or e)
@ xx38 ---- RUNIC LETTER AESC (a&)
@ xx41 xx32 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH YR (R)
@ xx42 xx33 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG YR (R)
@ xx43 xx3E RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL ICELANDIC YR (R)

Everson Gunn Teoranta can supply the editor with appropriate
glyphs to typeset these notes should they be required.

(See Table 1 below for the Traditional Name proposal.)

1.4.2 Latin Transliteration Name proposal. I have not given a full
account of the principles behind this proposal, because I do not
have confidence in it and I do not believe that it is either in
accordance with current SC2/WG2 practice for naming conventions in
ISO 10646, or that it will meet the needs of a user group larger
than a very few academic specialists. It is confusing and sets a
bad precedent for encoding of ancient scripts in ISO 10646. I have
elaborated on this earlier at length in SC2/WG2 N1230.

The names are based on the letters of the Latin alphabet used to
transliterate the Runes. In order to satisfy the ordinary user
requirement that the Runes be related to their traditional names,
it is proposed that the traditional name(s) be given in
parentheses directly following each character name.

(See Table 2 below for the Latin Transliteration Name proposal.)

2.0 References

Du:wel, Klaus. 1983. Runenkunde. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
Page, R. I. 1973. An introduction to English runes. London:
Methuen & Co.

Traditional Name proposal (Table 1)

The following code table contains this information about the
proposed characters:

G: A representative glyph image of the character
P: A proposed code position (in an unspecified row of the BMP)
S: The proposed code position from N1210
N: The suggested ISO character name in English

G P    S    N
  xx00 xx00 (This position shall not be used)
@ xx01 xx0E RUNIC LETTER FEHU OR FEOH OR FE (f)
@ xx02 xx3A RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED FE (v)
@ xx03 xx39 RUNIC LETTER URUZ OR UR (u)
@ xx04 xx3D RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED UR (y)
@ xx05 xx3F RUNIC LETTER THURISAZ OR THORN OR THURS (t/)
@ xx06 xx0A RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED THURS (d/)
@ xx07 xx01 RUNIC LETTER ANSUZ (a)
@ xx08 xx27 RUNIC LETTER OS (o)
@ xx09 xx28 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH OSS (o)
" xx0A xx29 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG OSS (o)
@ xx0B xx2A RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL OSS (o)
@ xx0C xx2B RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL OESS (o%)
@ xx0D xx2C RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL ONSS (o;)
@ xx0E xx30 RUNIC LETTER RAIDO OR RAD OR REID (r)
@ xx0F xx1A RUNIC LETTER KAUNAN (k)
* xx10 xx07 RUNIC LETTER CEN (c)
@ xx11 xx1C RUNIC LETTER KAUN (k)
@ xx12 xx10 RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED KAUN (g)
@ xx13 xx0F RUNIC LETTER GEBO OR GYFU (g)
@ xx14 xx3B RUNIC LETTER WUNJO OR WYNN (w)
@ xx15 xx12 RUNIC LETTER HAGLAZ (h)
@ xx16 xx13 RUNIC LETTER HAEGL (h)
@ xx17 xx14 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH HAGALL (h)
@ xx18 xx15 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG HAGALL (h)
@ xx19 xx22 RUNIC LETTER NAUDIZ OR NYD OR LONG-BRANCH NAUD (n)
@ xx1A xx23 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG NAUD (n)
@ xx1B xx16 RUNIC LETTER ISAZ OR IS OR ISS (i)
@ xx1C xx0C RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED ISS (i)
@ xx1D xx18 RUNIC LETTER JERAN (j)
@ xx1E xx19 RUNIC LETTER GER (g)
@ xx1F xx03 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH AR (a)
@ xx20 xx04 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG AR (a)
@ xx21 xx17 RUNIC LETTER IWAZ OR EOH (i:)
@ xx22 xx2D RUNIC LETTER PERTHO OR PEORTH (p)
@ xx23 xx2E RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL PERT (p)
@ xx24 xx31 RUNIC LETTER ALGIZ OR EOLHX (R or x)
@ xx25 xx34 RUNIC LETTER SOWILO (s)
@ xx26 xx35 RUNIC LETTER SIGEL OR LONG-BRANCH SOL (s)
@ xx27 xx36 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG SOL (s)
@ xx28 xx37 RUNIC LETTER TIWAZ OR TIR OR LONG-BRANCH TYR (t)
@ xx29 xx38 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG TYR (t)
@ xx2A xx09 RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED TYR (d)
@ xx2B xx05 RUNIC LETTER BERKANAN OR BEORC OR BJARKAN (b)
@ xx2B xx06 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG BJARKAN (b)
@ xx2D xx2E RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL DOTTED BJARKAN (p)
@ xx2E xx0B RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ OR EH (e)
@ xx2F xx1F RUNIC LETTER MANNAZ OR MAN (m)
@ xx30 xx20 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH MADUR (m)
@ xx31 xx21 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG MADUR (m)
@ xx32 xx1E RUNIC LETTER LAUKAZ OR LAGU OR LOGUR (l)
@ xx33 xx24 RUNIC LETTER INGWAZ (n%)
@ xx34 xx25 RUNIC LETTER ING (n%)
@ xx35 xx08 RUNIC LETTER DAGAZ OR DAEG (d)
@ xx36 xx26 RUNIC LETTER OTHALAN OR ETHEL (o& or e)
@ xx37 xx02 RUNIC LETTER AC (a)
@ xx38 ---- RUNIC LETTER AESC (a&)
@ xx39 xx3C RUNIC LETTER YR (y)
@ xx3A xx0D RUNIC LETTER EAR (ea)
@ xx3B ---- RUNIC LETTER IOR (io)
@ xx3C xx11 RUNIC LETTER GAR (g)
@ xx3D ---- RUNIC LETTER CWEORTH (q)
@ xx3E xx1B RUNIC LETTER CALC (c)
@ xx3F xx1D RUNIC LETTER CEALC (k)
@ xx40 ---- RUNIC LETTER STAN (st)
@ xx41 xx32 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH YR (R)
@ xx42 xx33 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG YR (R)
@ xx43 xx3E RUNIC LETTER MEDIEVAL ICELANDIC YR (R)
@ xx44 xx40 RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION
@ xx45 xx41 RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION
@ xx46 xx42 RUNIC CROSS
@ xx47 xx43 RUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL (17)
@ xx48 xx44 RUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL (18)
@ xx49 xx45 RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL (19)

Latin Transliteration Name proposal (Table 2)

The following code table contains this information about the
proposed characters:

G: A representative glyph image of the character
P: A proposed code position (in an unspecified row of the BMP)
S: The proposed code position from N1210
N: The suggested ISO character name in English

G P    S    N
  xx00 xx00 (This position shall not be used)
@ xx01 xx0E RUNIC LETTER F (fehu or feoh or fe)
@ xx02 xx3A RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER V (medieval dotted fe)
@ xx03 xx39 RUNIC LETTER U (uruz or ur)
@ xx04 xx3D RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER Y (medieval dotted ur)
@ xx05 xx3F RUNIC LETTER THORN (thurisaz or thorn or thurs)
@ xx06 xx0A RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER ETH (medieval dotted thurs)
@ xx07 xx01 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE A (ansuz)
@ xx08 xx27 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE O (os)
@ xx09 xx28 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH O (long-branch oss)
" xx0A xx29 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG O (short-twig oss)
@ xx0B xx2A RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER O (medieval oss)
@ xx0C xx2B RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER OE (medieval oess)
@ xx0D xx2C RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER O WITH OGONEK (medieval onss)
@ xx0E xx30 RUNIC LETTER R (raido or rad or reid)
@ xx0F xx1A RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE K (kaunan)
* xx10 xx07 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN C (cen)
@ xx11 xx1C RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER K (kaun)
@ xx12 xx10 RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER G (medieval dotted kaun)
@ xx13 xx0F RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE G (gebo or gyfu)
@ xx14 xx3B RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE W (wunjo or wynn)
@ xx15 xx12 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE H (haglaz)
@ xx16 xx13 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN H (haegl)
@ xx17 xx14 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH H (long-branch hagall)
@ xx18 xx15 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG H (short-twig hagall)
@ xx19 xx22 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH N (naudiz or nyd or
            long-branch naud)
@ xx1A xx23 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG N (short-twig naud)
@ xx1B xx16 RUNIC LETTER I (isaz or is or iss)
@ xx1C xx0C RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER I (medieval dotted iss)
@ xx1D xx18 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE J (jeran)
@ xx1E xx19 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN (ger)
@ xx1F xx03 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH A (long-branch ar)
@ xx20 xx04 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG A (short-twig ar)
@ xx21 xx17 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE EOH (iwaz or eoh)
@ xx22 xx2D RUNIC LETTER PRIMITVE P (pertho or peorth)
@ xx23 xx2E RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER P (medieval pert)
@ xx24 xx31 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE YR (algiz or eolhx)
@ xx25 xx34 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE S (sowilo)
@ xx26 xx35 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH S (sigel or long-branch sol)
@ xx27 xx36 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG S (short-twig sol)
@ xx28 xx37 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH T (tiwaz or tir or
            long-branch tyr)
@ xx29 xx38 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG T (short-twig tyr)
@ xx2A xx09 RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER D (medieval dotted tyr)
@ xx2B xx05 RUNIC LETTER B (berkanan or beorc or bjarkan)
@ xx2B xx06 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG B (short-twig bjarkan)
@ xx2D xx2E RUNIC LETTER YOUNGER B WITH DOT (medieval dotted
            bjarkan)
@ xx2E xx0B RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE E (ehwaz or eh)
@ xx2F xx1F RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE M (mannaz or man)
@ xx30 xx20 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH M (long-branch madur)
@ xx31 xx21 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG M (short-twig madur)
@ xx32 xx1E RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE L (laukaz or lagu or logur)
@ xx33 xx24 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE NG (ingwaz)
@ xx34 xx25 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN NG (ing)
@ xx35 xx08 RUNIC LETTER PRIMITIVE D (dagaz or daeg)
@ xx36 xx26 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN O (othalan or ethel)
@ xx37 xx02 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN A (ac)
@ xx38 ---- RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN AESC (aesc)
@ xx39 xx3C RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN Y (yr)
@ xx3A xx0D RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN EA (ear)
@ xx3B ---- RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN IOR (ior)
@ xx3C xx11 RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN GAR (gar)
@ xx3D ---- RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN CWEORTH (cweorth)
@ xx3E xx1B RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN CALC (calc)
@ xx3F xx1D RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN KI (cealc)
@ xx40 ---- RUNIC LETTER ANGLO-FRISIAN STAN (stan)
@ xx41 xx32 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH YR (long-branch yr)
@ xx42 xx33 RUNIC LETTER SHORT-TWIG YR (short-twig yr)
@ xx43 xx3E RUNIC LETTER ICELANDIC YR (medieval Icelandic yr)
@ xx44 xx40 RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION
@ xx45 xx41 RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION
@ xx46 xx42 RUNIC CROSS
@ xx47 xx43 RUNIC ARLAUG SYMBOL (17)
@ xx48 xx44 RUNIC TVIMADUR SYMBOL (18)
@ xx49 xx45 RUNIC BELGTHOR SYMBOL (19)

[End of document n1262]